tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-57389362089867469492024-03-14T15:32:09.918+07:00Pediatric NursesPediatric NursesNurse Bloghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13726903998974600056noreply@blogger.comBlogger91125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-3033986079290601752015-08-11T01:02:00.000+07:002015-08-11T01:02:05.145+07:00Hirschsprung's Disease - Assessment and Nursing Diagnosis<br />
Hirschsprung's disease (HD) is a blockage of the large intestine. Hirschsprung's disease (HD) is a disorder of the abdomen that occurs when part or all of the large intestine or antecedent parts of the gastrointestinal tract have no ganglion cells and therefore cannot function.<br />
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Symptoms that may be present in newborns and infants include:<br />
<ul>
<li>Difficulty with bowel movements</li>
<li>Failure to pass a first stool within 24 - 48 hours after birth</li>
<li>Failure to pass meconium shortly after birth</li>
<li>Infrequent but explosive stools</li>
<li>Poor feeding</li>
<li>Jaundice</li>
<li>Vomiting</li>
<li>Watery diarrhea (in the newborn)</li>
<li>Poor weight gain</li>
</ul>
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Symptoms in older children:<br />
<ul>
<li>Fecal impaction</li>
<li>Constipation that gradually gets worse</li>
<li>Slow growth</li>
<li>Malnutrition</li>
<li>Swollen belly</li>
</ul>
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<b>Nursing Assessment for Hirschsprung's Disease</b><br />
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Hirschsprung's Disease is mostly found in term infants and is the sole abnormality. Rarely in premature babies or in conjunction with other congenital abnormalities. At aganglionic segment from the anus to the sigmoid is more common in boys than girls. While abnormalities that exceed even the entire sigmoid colon or small intestine<br />
found as much in boys and girls.<br />
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Patient Health History<br />
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1. The main complaint<br />
Problems perceived by the client which is very annoying at the time of the assessment, the client Hirschsprung for example, difficult bowel movement, abdominal distension, bloating, vomiting. Obstipasi is a major sign and in newborns. Flatulence and vomiting green. Other symptoms are vomiting and diarrhea.<br />
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2. History of present illness<br />
Ask how long the symptoms felt by the client and ask how the client attempts to resolve the issue. Babies often experience constipation, vomiting and dehydration. Mild symptoms of constipation for weeks or months, followed by acute intestinal obstruction.<br />
But there is also a mild constipation, enterocolitis with diarrhea, distension<br />
abdomen, and fever. Foul-smelling diarrhea may occur.<br />
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3. Past medical history<br />
History of illness, history of immunization.<br />
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4. Family health history<br />
Ask the parents of clients, whether there are other family members who suffered from Hirschsprung.<br />
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5. History of growth and development<br />
Presence / absence of abnormalities of growth and development experienced since birth.<br />
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6. Nutrition<br />
Maternal nutrition during pregnancy, exclusive breastfeeding.<br />
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Physical Examination<br />
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1. Cardiovascular system<br />
Presence / absence of abnormality due to Hirschsprung's disease or congenital abnormality.<br />
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2. Respiratory system<br />
Shortness of breath, respiratory distress due to abdominal distension.<br />
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3. Digestive system<br />
Generally constipation. Abdominal bloating / abdominal strain, vomiting green. In the older children are chronic diarrhea. In the anus plug finger will feel pins and at times withdrawn will be followed by the release of air and spraying meconium or stool.<br />
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4. Musculoskeletal system<br />
Impaired sense of comfort.<br />
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5. Integumentary System<br />
Skin turgor, capillary refill less than 3 seconds<br />
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6. Visual system<br />
Conjunctival pallor / no, jaundice / no.<br />
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7. Hearing System<br />
Hearing, ear conditions, presence or absence of wax in the ear.<br />
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<b>Nursing Diagnosis for Hirschsprung's Disease</b><br />
<ol>
<li>Fluid Volume Deficit related to nausea, vomiting.</li>
<li>Alteration in bowel Elimination: constipation / obstipation related to the absence of intestinal peristalsis, the accumulation of feces.</li>
<li>Imbalanced Nutrition: less than body requirements related to inadequate intake.</li>
<li>Acute pain related to distension of the abdomen.</li>
</ol>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-42847098784555379032015-08-02T09:37:00.001+07:002015-08-02T09:37:57.933+07:00Home Care - If Children Suffer Measles<b>If Children Suffer Measles </b>- There are certain times where transmission of the disease is growing rapidly as if a plague. Measles is caused by a virus that is easily transmitted. However, measles is not a serious illness and dangerous. We can take care of its own children with measles at home. The important thing, always vigilant and take precautions against the dangers of complications, due to a decrease in endurance of the disease.<br />
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<b>Know the Symptoms</b><br />
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Symptoms in the first level similar to the symptoms of flu or other diseases caused by viruses. At first it appears the distinctive sign, namely the emergence of grayish-white spots at the tip of the needle circled reddish color that appears on the mucous membranes of the cheeks, near the molars.<br />
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After 4-5 days, raised red blotches on some parts of the body, such as face, neck, upper arms and legs. Symptoms, such as flu, cough and cold is getting worse. In addition the mucous membranes in the mouth becomes reddish, so that the mouth and lips were red. Patients also feel itching on the whole body.<br />
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Once that period is completed, the original body temperature up and down is not necessarily the body heat can be increased up to 40 degrees Celsius, will gradually return to normal. Similarly, the rash will disappear and leave scars dark.<br />
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<b>Prevention</b><br />
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To prevent children exposed to measles in the event of an epidemic, can ask the doctor to give immunizations. This preventive injections are usually given to children aged nine months. Had remains exposed to measles, it will cause milder symptoms than children who are not immunized.<br />
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Giving good nutrition and appropriate for children need to be considered. Good endurance allows the child to avoid complications from measles.<br />
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<b>Home Care</b><br />
<ul>
<li>In the first stage, the child feels dazzled when seeing bright light. Therefore extinguish or reduce his bedroom light.</li>
<li>If the child's body temperature rose to 40 degrees Celsius for more than half an hour, try to compress with warm water. If the eyes feel hot, compressed with cold water. Better not to wrap the body of a child with a thick blanket.</li>
<li>If the third phase (recovery phase) child's body temperature does not decrease, it is necessary to be aware of the presence of complications, due to a decrease in child's immune system. Complications easily arise in children who from the beginning have low immunity. For example, children suffering from malnutrition. Circumstances worsened if the child is suffering from complications. Complications arise normally in the form of pneumonia and encephalitis. If such circumstances, the need for help physicians.</li>
<li>When the situation improves, and appetite recovered, try to give foods high in nutrients. There is a possibility of children suffering from malnutrition after measles disease and loss of appetite.</li>
<li>Measles sick child will lose appetite and drinking. Seek child to drink fluids as often as possible.</li>
<li>Clean the body with warm water. Children with high body temperature, should not be bathed first, sufficiently cleaned with a cloth and warm water.</li>
<li>Can be given the powder on the child's body, to relieve itching.</li>
<li>Seek for children to stay at home and not playing around with friends, considering the disease is easily transmitted.</li>
</ul>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-23011893468816869422015-08-02T09:22:00.000+07:002015-08-02T09:22:35.316+07:00Dental Care in ChildrenWhen does a child have to check the teeth to the doctor for the first time? Should take the child to the dentist when the first tooth starts to look. The first new tooth looks at the age of 6 months. In some children, the teeth can appear early as age 4 months or even too late. When up to the age of 1 year has been no visible teeth, still take the child to the dentist to check it. When the first teeth appear here, child dental care should begin.<br />
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Before the first teeth appear, clean the gum once or twice a day. The trick is to use a clean cloth baby wipes, wrap it into the index finger and rubbed on the gums. Clean the gums will prevent bacteria collected. Then after the first tooth appears, begin cleaning the teeth with a toothbrush. Although the milk teeth will be loose and replaced the permanent teeth, milk teeth play a role in the development of the face and mouth. Good chewing habits affect the way a good meal, and dental health affects the body's overall health. For that child dental care is required since the beginning.<br />
<b><br />
</b> <b>Avoid the accumulation of sugar</b><br />
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Caries is tooth decay that occurs because of the sugar on the teeth, which would then form the acid vandal tooth enamel. To prevent caries, avoid sugar buildup on teeth. Milk contains sugar, as well as candy and other sweet foods. For children who still had to sleep while sucking on a bottle of milk, you should replace the milk with water during sleep. And also do not dip a pacifier in honey or sugar water when sleeping. Slowly, sleep habits accompanied pacifier and bottle of milk is to be reduced, so that the child accustomed to sleeping without such assistance.<br />
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<b>Regular dental checkups</b><br />
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Care of children's teeth everyday should be coupled with an examination of the child's teeth regularly. Notice if the child's teeth appear brown or black plaque, and bring the child to the dentist when you find it. If there is no problem on the teeth, take your child to the dentist at least 1 year for routine checks.<br />
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Doctor Amr Moursi, New York University, gives simple tips for the care of children's teeth. Here are suggestions:<br />
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<b>Avoid the transfer of bacteria from parents</b><br />
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Many child tooth decay caused by bacterial transfer from the parents who have caries. To avoid this, avoid the use of mugs and cutlery same when eating. Do not lick or suck pacifier to clean it.<br />
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Parents also need to have good dental care habits. In addition to avoiding the transfer of bacteria that cause caries, children tend to imitate the behavior and habits of their parents.<br />
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<b>Brushing your child's teeth regularly</b><br />
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Brush your child's teeth two times a day, morning and evening before going to bed. Use a bit of toothpaste, about the size of peas for toddlers. Before the 2 year old child, avoid toothpaste that contains fluoride for fear of swallowing. Instead, use a special toothpaste for children.<br />
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<b>Regular meals</b><br />
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With regular brushing schedule, set the schedule also eat, namely 3 main meals and 2 snacks in between the three main meals. With this schedule, the child does not eat anymore after toothbrush night and sleep in the condition of the teeth clean.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-81706242969356065842015-04-24T01:33:00.001+07:002015-04-24T01:33:30.161+07:00Lack of Sleep, Children Can be Fussy and Impaired GrowthWhen your child have trouble sleeping, need sleep time in children can be reduced. Though ideally children, especially those under the age of five years, it took 10-12 hours of sleep. Sometimes, they also need a nap.<br />
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If the child insomnia, the cause is very diverse, which must be ascertained whether there is pain like flu, cough, runny nose, fever, diarrhea, or itching. Well it must be addressed immediately.<br />
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In addition, insomnia is experienced by children can also be caused by environmental problems such as air hot, stuffy, noisy or there is a TV in the room. Or it could be a child feel uncomfortable with the condition, such as a diaper that is too full or itchy rash that resulted.<br />
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If the child is sleep deprived, growth can be disrupted because of the hormone are useful to support the development of the child to work when the child fell asleep.<br />
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Aggressive behavior, fussy, and the decline in achievement is an example of the negative impact. Because the impact of sleepiness, the child will be naughty, fussy, and likes his friends continue everynight.<br />
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In addition to experiencing the direct impact, children who lack sleep also had an influence on the people around him. Children due to lack of sleep, for example it would be difficult to find friends because of aggressive behavior.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-63667734797021172662015-01-31T23:16:00.001+07:002015-01-31T23:16:14.239+07:00Risk Factors for Congenital Hearing Loss in Neonates and Children in Pediatric Age Group<br />
For assessment of risk factors for congenital hearing loss, detailed history of the period of pregnancy and early childhood are taken preferably from the mother of the subject.<br />
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Risk factors for deafness can be identified in 60% of the subjects with congenital hearing loss. Fetal distress signifying fetal anoxia, infection during pregnancy and early childhood, jaundice, use of high risk drugs in first trimester, family history of deafness and prematurity are taken as risk factors. In many cases, there are more than 1 factor identified conjointly.<br />
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The most common factor identified in 20% cases is fetal distress which is taken to be indicated by difficult and/or prolonged labor, medical information given to the mother by the attending doctor during labor or when caesarian section was advised for fetal distress.<br />
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The second most important risk factor is prematurity at 16%, the births occurred at 29 to 34 weeks. Another important cause is jaundice of the child in 9%. In most cases this is the normal physiological jaundice at about 3 days after birth but which was severe and according to history had to be medically treated. Family history of deafness suggesting an inherited disorder is seen in 9% of the cases.<br />
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Another cause identified sometimes a bout of very high fever occurring in most cases in the first year of the child and which might have been due to meningitis, septicemia and such other known deafness inducing pathologies. Infection signified by very high fever during pregnancy is also identified as a cause and they are often stated to have been treated by 'strong drugs'. Incidence of malaria and the use of antimalarial drugs may be identified in the histories. In many cases, more than 1 condition may be identified. Studies have found that elevated auditory threshold is found more frequently in neonates with multiple clinical adverse factors than in those having single risk factor.<br />
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Presence of risk factors is an important indication for diagnostic testing for hearing deficiency. Most neonatal screening programs should be focused on infants who satisfy one or more of a number of criteria for inclusion in a "high-risk registry." The most common possible risk factors for the delayed maturation pattern observed on BERA were found to be parental consanguinity, prematurity, perinatal anoxia and jaundice, and postnatal seizure and infection. In a study by Savic et al, some conditions were found in 40% of the cases, with the most common being family history of deafness, followed by prematurity, fetal distress, jaundice and ototoxic drugs.<br />
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The higher incidence of complications during birth in the Indian population is believed to account for the higher incidence of risk factors, and also fetal asphyxia being the commonest cause By maintaining a high degree of suspicion wherever these risk factors are present, we can be more attuned to detecting hearing loss at an early age thus enabling effective remedial measures<br />
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Dr. P. J. Mazumdar is an ENT doctor from Guwahati specialized in ENT diseases. You can visit his website at ENT doctor Guwahati and also at Guwahati ENT doctor.<br />
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<i>Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/7330124</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-34114726655020271352015-01-31T23:09:00.001+07:002015-01-31T23:09:30.349+07:00How Pediatric Dermatology Can Help Your ChildPediatric dermatology is the area of medical science dealing with the skin, nails, and hair of children. In this area, the dermatologist will have especially strong skills and experience in working with children. Often, small rashes, pimples, and even discoloration of the skin can occur and worry parents. A family doctor may not have enough information or may not be qualified to offer a treatment option, but these specialists can. Seeking one out is a good idea in various cases, especially when conditions are chronic or reoccurring without any obvious cause.<br />
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<b>Rash Treatment</b><br />
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Even babies can suffer from rashes, and when they do, the rash can be painful and very worrisome to parents. If your child has one that you are unable to determine the cause of, seek out a specialist in pediatric dermatology. The individual will work with you to test the skin and identify the problem. It could be an allergic reaction to something. In other cases, the condition may be a more chronic problem, such as eczema. It is better to find out the cause than to keep treating it with the wrong or ineffective medications.<br />
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<b>Conditions to Worry About</b><br />
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Individuals sometimes come to these specialists when they are dealing with a more complex concern. Chicken pox is one of them. Others include MRSA, ringworm, and scabies. Hives is another condition to seek treatment for in an emergency manner since this condition can be life threatening in some instances. Ultimately, if the child is suffering from a high fever, is lethargic or is otherwise ill, visit an emergency room for immediate treatment. Then, seek out a dermatologist to find out what happened and what you can do to avoid further problems.<br />
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<b>Acne and Teens</b><br />
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From preteens on up, these professionals can offer help for the treatment of acne. Acne may seem like just a normal stage of life but for some individuals it is intense and even painful. It can leave behind scarring, too. Because each little pimple is an infection, the body's immune system may be more at risk when an individual has large outbreaks. Because of this, it is a good idea to seek out the help of a dermatologist for medications or other treatments to reduce the inflammation and pain.<br />
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In pediatric dermatology, the ultimate goal is to improve the condition of a person's hair, skin, or nails. However, when dealing with children, it is also important to be compassionate and willing to work with the individual through all of their concerns. By doing soBusiness Management Articles, it may be possible to help them to get through the problem and the appointment with ease and comfort. Look for a provider that makes the entire process lighthearted and worry-free for the child. Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-77078631077805782122015-01-22T11:21:00.001+07:002015-01-22T11:21:49.420+07:00Tips for Children to Use Smartphone Safely and WiselyTips for Children to Use Smartphone Safely and Wisely<br />
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Along with the development of technology is advancing rapidly, the smartphone is endemic to various circles of society, including among all children of school age. Even the kids did not want to miss a trend that already exist. Many school-age children who should not need to have a mobile, but now already have a Smartphone. However, parents should not let their children just using a smartphone.<br />
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Smartphones today, be it Android, iPhone, Windows Phone or BlackBerry, is a mini computer that can do many things. Smartphone connected to the internet, are able to download a variety of applications and many other things.<br />
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Therefore, the children, especially the young, need guidance and supervision when using a smartphone. How parental supervision when children use a smartphone? Here are some tips from Monica Vila, author of Generation Smartphones guide, as quoted by the Mirror.<br />
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Should Children Using Smartphone?<br />
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Smartphones may make your child safer. But the problem is whether they are able to be trusted to use it?<br />
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"With many parents working, maybe a smartphone that you need not to worry, because there are many global positioning, which helps track the location of the child," said Monica.<br />
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However, you should not necessarily give you direct a smartphone in children. First, see signs of whether they can be trusted.<br />
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For example, look at the child's behavior when using the Internet or play games. Do they stop playing if you ask? Do you dare to conclude they could use it wisely unattended smartphone?<br />
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Are they able to keep their stuff? If they easily lose the object belongs, will not be long before they finally lose the phone.<br />
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"Before you buy a gadget, make sure they are responsible for the goods belonged here," said Monica.<br />
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So when buying a smartphone for the kids, no need to direct the latest models, preferably older models only. If the child wears a successful new smartphone responsibly, they can buy the latest model as a gift.<br />
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"The old model is not only cheaper but your child also be required to maintain the confidence of using a cell phone in a responsible manner in order to get the latest models," said Monica.<br />
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Before Children Wear Smartphone<br />
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Creating passwords is the first step in order to remain more or less the smartphone even if the stolen safe. Also when borrowed a friend of the child, they are not too freely play.<br />
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Traded well casing as protection if dropped smartphone. In addition, make sure the child always put smartphones on the appointed place in the bag.<br />
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Jump add important numbers numbers in the contacts list, of course including your number, teachers, and others.<br />
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Make sure the child to use the phone responsibly and do not overdo it gives pulses. If the child is still too young, they need to ban the playing of smartphones at night because it can lead to various disorders.<br />
<br />
"If you let any smartphone in their bedroom, they will not withstand the temptation to play it. They will be hard to sleep and school assignments may be neglected," said Monica.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-1928649162827713942015-01-22T11:02:00.000+07:002015-01-22T11:02:04.838+07:007 Steps to Overcome Anxiety in Children<br />
Anxiety can be experienced by everyone. Usually this feeling arises when a person wants to face the important things, the things that determine, scary things, and others. These feelings cause tension. These feelings often arise in the hearts of children. As a person who is still unstable, of course children can not solve this problem alone. We as parents would be better if they knew some things that we can do so that children can not easily control the anxiety and feelings.<br />
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<b>1. Being a Good Listener</b><br />
<br />
Sometimes a child becomes anxious because there are things that can not be countered or resolve themselves. As parents, we need to understand what is perceived by make our hearts. Not hard to guess when children experience anxiety. Usually they are irregular breathing and many moves. Try to ask what is the reason they are anxious to question them. The most important thing when we ask them is to stay calm. Do not let the anxiety experienced by our heart contagious for ourselves.<br />
<br />
<b>2. Give touch</b><br />
<br />
Give a touch of the child in the head or in the shoulder, so that the child can feel calmer, especially when we want to ask about the cause of their anxiety.<br />
<br />
<b>3. Avoid words that high pitched or snaps.</b><br />
<br />
In addition to remain calm, avoid words that high pitched or snaps. It is very necessary so that our children can feel more calm. If the child feeling calm, usually they will be more open in telling the causes of their anxiety.<br />
<br />
<b>4. Helping children cope with the problem</b><br />
<br />
Help overcome the child does not mean we have to help a total of problems faced by children. But go with the child in solving problems. The important thing here is not to let children feel alone in facing the problems being experienced. But that is no less important, lest we too protect, because it can make children become less independent and spoiled.<br />
<br />
<b>5. Explain the meaning of anxiety</b><br />
<br />
For minors, the feeling of anxiety can be a scary thing. It could be that the child does not know the meaning of anxiety and why it can occur in children. We need to explain the meaning of anxiety and give the sense that anxiety can happen to everyone. We also need to provide a solution to deal with the anxiety, for example, adjusting breathing, positive thinking, and against fear.<br />
<br />
<b>6. Providing entertainment</b><br />
<br />
A child will be more prone to anxiety, but if we can help in overcoming anxiety, then the child will more quickly return to normal. So that children can forget the problems that create anxiety, we can provide entertainment by taking vacation, playing together, a trip to the mall, or to perform other activities favored by children. It would be better if we invite children into the open, for example in parks, peaks, beaches, etc., so that children can play freely, shouting, and a breath of fresh air.<br />
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7. <br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-485895213997632012015-01-21T23:58:00.000+07:002015-01-21T23:58:17.645+07:00Thermoregulation in Low Birth Weight (LBW)<b>Thermoregulation in Low Birth Weight (LBW)</b><br />
<br />
The role of hypothalamus<br />
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Body temperature is almost entirely governed by the neural mechanisms, and almost all of this mechanism occurs through the center of the temperature setting located in the hypothalamus.<br />
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In newborns central regulator of body temperature is not functioning properly, making it easy to decrease body temperature, especially for cold environments.<br />
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Thermostat<br />
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Thermostat or temperature regulation maintained because of the balance between the heat lost through the environment, and heat production. Both of these processes activities regulated by the central nervous system, namely the hypothalamus.<br />
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With the principle of the heat balance of the newborn will try to stabilize the body temperature of the factors causing the loss of heat due to the environment.<br />
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At birth, the baby has a change of intra-uterine environment that is warm to extra uterine environment that is relatively cooler. This causes a decrease in body temperature of 2-3 ° C, especially heat loss due to evaporation of amniotic fluid in the baby's skin is not dried quickly. These conditions will spur the body to cool that would cause the response metabolism and heat production.<br />
<br />
Heat setting in newborns related to metabolism and the use of oxygen.<br />
<br />
In certain environments the maximum temperature limit, the use of oxygen and metabolism is minimal, therefore the body temperature must be maintained for the heat balance.<br />
Term infants in a state without clothes can withstand ambient temperatures of about 32-34 ° C. While the limit in adults 26-28 oC. Therefore, normal newborns require a warmer environment temperature and the temperature of the environment must be properly maintained.<br />
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In newborn infants less subcutaneous fat and epidermis is thinner than in adults. The blood vessels in the baby very easily influenced by temperature changes in the environment and all this under the influence of the hypothalamus as a central regulator of temperature.<br />
<br />
Fluidity on the baby's body to decrease the surface area so that it will accelerate the loss of heat. It is influenced baby body length, body surface comparison with the weight of the baby's age, all of which may affect the normal temperature limits. In infants with low birth weight (LBW) adipose tissue decreased slightly and flexibility, so that it requires a temperature hotter environments to achieve a normal temperature.<br />
If the ambient temperature falls below the low temperature, the baby will respond by increasing oxygen and increase metabolism so it will increase heat production.<br />
<br />
If the baby is in place that is open to cold environments can lead to exhaustion of glycogen reserves and cause acidosis.<br />
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<br />
<br />
Heat roduction or thermogenesis<br />
<br />
In the open and cool environment of newborns require the addition of heat.<br />
<br />
Babies have a physiological mechanism to increase heat production is affected due to: increased metabolic rate, muscle activity and chemical thermogenesis:<br />
<br />
1. Basal Metabolic Rate<br />
<br />
Basal metabolic rate is the amount of energy used by the body for absolute rest and waking state.<br />
In newborns, body movement, shivering is an important mechanism for producing heat. Shivering movement occurs when the skin receptors decreases in cold ambient temperatures, and these conditions will be forwarded to the central nervous system that will stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to use brown fat reserves, which is the main source of heat to cope with cold stress.<br />
The release of norepinephrine by the adrenal glands and local nerve ends in brown fat that cause triglycerides can be metabolized into glycerol and fatty acids. This fatty acid oxidation increases heat production. If the supply runs out, the brown fat metabolism response to cold state will be reduced.<br />
Oxidation of fatty acids in infants depends on the availability of oxygen, glucose, Adenosine Tri Phosphate (ATP) and the baby's ability to transform into heat.<br />
Baby's ability to produce heat to change the pathological state such as hypoxia, acidosis, and hypoglycemia.<br />
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2. Muscle Activity<br />
<br />
Shivering is a form of muscle activity due to cold temperatures. Heat production occurs through an increase in metabolic rate and muscle activity. If the baby does not shiver, mean metabolic rate in infants is enough.<br />
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3. Chemical Thermogenesis<br />
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Due to the release of norephineprin and ephineprin by sympathetic nerve stimulation.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-67579913651027060432015-01-21T23:29:00.000+07:002015-01-21T23:29:01.200+07:00Which is Common in Low Birth Weight (LBW)Low birth weight babies are babies born weighing less than 2,500 grams regardless of gestational age (Wong, 2009).<br />
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<b>Which is Common in Low Birth Weight (LBW)</b><br />
<br />
1. Asphyxia<br />
LBW, less, sufficient or more months, all have an impact on the adaptation process of breathing at birth so it had birth asphyxia. LBW requires speed and resuscitation skills.<br />
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2. Breathing disorders<br />
Breathing disorders are common in preterm LBW is hyaline membrane disease, whereas in LBW more months is meconium aspiration. LBW who suffered breathing disorders should be immediately referred to a higher referral facility.<br />
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3. Hypothermia<br />
Occurs because only the least body fat and body temperature regulation system in the newborn immature. Kangaroo method with "skin to skin contact" helps LBW keep warm.<br />
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4. Hypoglycemia<br />
Because only the least energy savings in newborns with low birth weight. LBW breastfed as soon as possible after birth and drink very often (every 2 hours) in the first week.<br />
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5. The issue of breastfeeding<br />
Because body size is very small, less energy, weak, small stomach and can not suck.<br />
LBW often get the milk with the aid, requiring breastfeeding in smaller amounts but often. LBW with more than 35 weeks gestation and birth weight more than 2000 grams can generally straight sucking.<br />
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6. Infection<br />
Because the immune system is immature LBW. Families and health professionals who care for LBW should take action to prevent infection such as by washing hands properly.<br />
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7. Jaundice (high bilirubin levels) due to immature liver function. LBW become yellow earlier and longer than in infants who weigh enough.<br />
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8. Bleeding problems <br />
Related to the immaturity of the blood clotting system at birth. Giving the injection of vitamin K 1 soon after birth (within the first 6 hours) for all newborns can prevent the occurrence of this bleeding.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-10556027366572355492015-01-20T00:35:00.001+07:002015-01-20T00:35:19.940+07:0010 Nursing Diagnosis for Low Birth Weight<br />
<b>Nursing Care Plan for Low Birth Weight</b><br />
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Low birth weight (LBW) is a newborn with a weight at birth of less than 2500 g or lower (WHO, 1961).<br />
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The causes of LBW among others :<br />
<br />
1. Obstetric complications<br />
<ul>
<li>Multiple gestation.</li>
<li>Incompetence.</li>
<li>Premature rupture of membranes.</li>
<li>Pregnancy induced hypertention (PIH).</li>
<li>Placenta previa.</li>
<li>There is a history of preterm birth.</li>
</ul>
<br />
2. Medical Complications<br />
<ul>
<li>Maternal diabetes.</li>
<li>Chronic hypertension.</li>
</ul>
3. Maternal factors<br />
<ul>
<li>Disease : associated with pregnancy such as toxemia gravidarum, antepartum haemorrhage, physical and psychological trauma, acute infection, and cardiovascular disorders.</li>
<li>Maternal age : prematurnitas highest incidence is in the mother's age under 20 years old and multi gravida that birth spacing is too close.</li>
<li>Socioeconomic circumstances : the situation is very influential on the incidence of prematurity, a high incidence found in lower socioeconomic groups. This is due to unfavorable circumstances and lack of antenatal surveillance.</li>
<li>The condition of the mother during pregnancy : an increase in weight bdan inadequate and a mother who smoked. (Mitayani, 2009)</li>
</ul>
<br />
Clinical manifestations include:<br />
<ul>
<li>Weighing less than 2,500 grams.</li>
<li>Skin thin, transparent, lanugo much, crown and wide sutures.</li>
<li>Immature genitalia, fine thin hair woven, elastic earlobe less.</li>
<li>Tears weak, weak neck muscle tone.</li>
<li>Moro reflex (+), reflex sucking, swallowing, coughing, not perfect.</li>
<li>When hungry crying, restlessness, increased activity.</li>
<li>Nothing seemed baby infection / intracranial hemorrhage.</li>
<li>Breath is not regular.</li>
<li>The blood vessels in the belly skin looks much.</li>
<li>Rudimentary mammary tissue.</li>
</ul>
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<br />
<b>Nursing Diagnosis for Low Birth Weight</b><br />
<br />
1. <a href="http://pediatricnurses.blogspot.com/2014/02/ineffective-breathing-pattern-related.html">Ineffective breathing pattern </a><br />
related to:<br />
immaturity of the respiratory center,<br />
limitations of muscle growth or decline in muscle weakness,<br />
metabolic imbalance.<br />
<br />
2. Risk for Ineffective thermoregulation<br />
related to :<br />
Immature CNS (central regulation of residues, reduced lean body mass to surface area, subcutaneous fat loss, inability to feel cold and clammy, poor metabolic reserves).<br />
<br />
3. Imbalanced Nutrition Less than Body Requirements<br />
related to :<br />
decrease nutrient deposits,<br />
immaturity of enzyme production,<br />
weak abdominal muscles,<br />
weak reflexes.<br />
<br />
4. Risk for infection<br />
related to<br />
immunological defense ineffective.<br />
<br />
5. Risk for <a href="http://pediatricnurses.blogspot.com/2014/01/ncp-dhf-fluid-volume-deficit-related-to.html">fluid volume deficit</a><br />
related to<br />
age and weight extremes, excessive fluid loss (thin skin),<br />
less fat layer,<br />
immature kidney / failure to concentrate urine.<br />
<br />
6. Risk for injury due to the variation of cerebral blood flow, systemic hypertension or hypotension, and reduced cellular nutrients (glucose and oxygen)<br />
related to :<br />
central nervous system and physiological stress responses immature.<br />
<br />
7. <a href="http://pediatricnurses.blogspot.com/2014/11/nursing-interventions-for.html">Pain</a><br />
related to :<br />
procedures, diagnosis and action.<br />
<br />
8. Risk for impaired growth and development<br />
related to :<br />
premature birth,<br />
NICU environment unnatural, parting with parents.<br />
<br />
9. Risk for impaired skin integrity<br />
related to :<br />
immobility,<br />
skin moisture.<br />
<br />
10. <a href="http://pediatricnurses.blogspot.com/2014/02/pediatric-nursing-care-plan-for.html">Anxiety</a> : parents<br />
related to :<br />
baby disease conditions.<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-71503667506615918392014-11-25T23:35:00.002+07:002014-11-25T23:35:56.431+07:00Disease That Often Affects Child / Baby and Prevention<br />
As a parent would be worried if the baby exposed to the disease. Various things will be done to prevent or treat diseases that attack the baby. Generally, a disease that attacks the baby over to a disease that attacks the immune system. The body 's immune resistance means that the child to face any changes in the nature and negative attacks that are always threatening from germs. If the immune system is not good, the child will be susceptible to disease.<br />
<br />
As a parent, be alert to some disease that often affects children. Here are some diseases that often affects children you should be aware.<br />
<br />
<b>1. Influenza (Flu)</b><br />
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<br />
Influenza is not only attacking baby and toddler, adults too often disease Influenza. The cause of influenza is the influenza virus. The symptoms of influenza are usually preceded by a cold, fever / high heat, child chills, sore throat, muscle aches, and eyes feel hot and red.<br />
<br />
How to Treat :<br />
Most influenza disease can be cured by itself (self-limited disease). Children were asked to rest enough, vitamin C, and given a drink that much.<br />
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How to Prevention :<br />
Given the flu virus spread through the air or sneezing, the child should wear a mask so that the virus is not transmitted through the air and droplet.<br />
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<br />
<b>2. Sore throat</b><br />
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Sore throat (pharyngitis) is an infection of the throat. The disease is caused by a virus and is transmitted through saliva fine grains (droplet) containing germs in the air and inhaled while breathing.<br />
Symptoms of strep throat include fever, sore throat, cough, ached in muscles, headaches, and the tears, but no red eye.<br />
<br />
How to Treat :<br />
Generally Sore throat can heal itself though not treated, enough with plenty of rest and eat nutritious food. Usually the administration of drugs in the form of symptomatic drugs to overcome the disturbance. When mild, laryngitis need at least 3-5 days to cure.<br />
<br />
How to Prevention :<br />
Prevention of sore throat by avoiding children of people affected by sore throat. If not possible, the child can use the mask. In addition, provide nutritious food and adequate rest.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>3. Diarrhea</b><br />
<br />
Diarrhea is a symptom of a disorder or disease gastrointestinal infections. The reason could be by rotavirus, bacteria, or material that is not needed by the body. Generally, due to rotavirus in through the mouth. Handling is not necessarily to provide antidiarrheal medication. Let the body remove unnecessary things from the body.<br />
<br />
How to Treat :<br />
During the attack of diarrhea, the child should always get nutrition and adequate fluid. If there is still a baby, give breast milk intake. Supply should be more than that released by the body. Usually, children can also be given sugar - salt solution or oral rehydration salts, or ORS specifically for children. Give each child after diarrhea.<br />
<br />
How to Prevention :<br />
Diarrhea is usually caused due to hygiene factors. Live to always maintain personal hygiene and the environment is to get children to wash their hands before and after eating.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>4. Typhoid</b><br />
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<br />
Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. These bacteria usually live in dirty water, contaminated food, and other dirty environments. The incubation period of typhoid average of 7-14 days. Common symptoms include fever typhoid fever with temperatures 38-39 degrees Celsius, headache, nausea, vomiting, decreased appetite, abdominal pain, diarrhea or even constipation (difficult bowel movements) for a few days.<br />
<br />
How to Treat :<br />
Proper handling of typhoid is to follow the advice given by a physician. And taking medicine provided by your doctor. In addition, multiply the time to rest, not a lot of moving and drink a lot.<br />
Healing time typhus usually takes two weeks to one month. Typhus patients do not eat foods high in fiber, too risky foods cause contractions in digestion, such as spicy or acidic foods. Patients will be better to consume high protein such as meat, eggs, milk, tofu, tempeh, and others.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-3225366091262382442014-11-25T23:01:00.000+07:002014-11-25T23:01:44.584+07:0019 Tips to Educate Children More Smart and Intelligent<b>Educate Children More Smart and Intelligent</b><br />
<br />
Having a smart and intelligent children certainly an expectation when educating children for all parents. Did you know ? how to educate children so that children are more intelligent and clever, and that I will give in this article.<br />
<br />
1. Exclusive breastfeeding help children to be intelligent.<br />
According to one study, children who receive exclusive breastfeeding in infancy well not only have a better immune system, also tend to have a better level of intelligence.<br />
<br />
2. Giving attention and praise to grow confident.<br />
Often give attention and praise can increase confidence of children, often give attention and praise for the good things your child did.<br />
<br />
3. The importance of communication while educating children.<br />
Children are more likely to catch what was said by the parents, in addition to help add new vocabulary, often communicating with children can add closeness between children and parents.<br />
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4. Read a story book or give a fairy tale.<br />
In addition to communication, often reading a story book or give a fairy tale for children also help the power of imagination and intelligence.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt-5FmAWPkdWTwZjOgJCEBZrxlTEnxdjgrhy-XgLgBV3Gor1zDcjSRzVRLVBOmwvtzZZBd_bORZ60ivwCEh99UfASZPrtFDWgwSMxKIbg3XsG1U1dNOhbf4fmwBuPtJb3qfw1SC1O8caiH/s1600/19.+Tips+to+Educate+Children+More+Smart+and+Intelligent.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt-5FmAWPkdWTwZjOgJCEBZrxlTEnxdjgrhy-XgLgBV3Gor1zDcjSRzVRLVBOmwvtzZZBd_bORZ60ivwCEh99UfASZPrtFDWgwSMxKIbg3XsG1U1dNOhbf4fmwBuPtJb3qfw1SC1O8caiH/s1600/19.+Tips+to+Educate+Children+More+Smart+and+Intelligent.jpg" height="160" width="320" /></a></div>
5. Attention and affection from family.<br />
Parental affection shown to help keep the attention of children's emotions, educating children in a way that is hard it would be bad for the child later.<br />
<br />
6. Accompany children while playing.<br />
In addition to adding proximity with children, accompany children during play can help you identify your interests and potential of children.<br />
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7. Singing helps the intelligence of children.<br />
The children tend to be more happy singing, in addition to increasing vocabulary, singing helps the child's confidence, give praise when teaching children to sing.<br />
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8. Soft music enhance the intelligence of children.<br />
Often hear the strains of soft music can increase the level of intelligence, concentration, and emotional calmness child, in addition to listening to music, playing a musical instrument teaches also been shown to augment the intelligence of children.<br />
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9. Breakfast<br />
Children who used to breakfast tend to have better concentration levels than children who skip breakfast, get used to give the child a good breakfast every day.<br />
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10. Sport and healthy food.<br />
More healthy children tend to be more intelligent, always keep the health of children by inviting diligent exercise and always provide a healthy diet.<br />
<br />
11. Fish oil helps brain development of children.<br />
Give the fish oil or food sources rich in Omega - 3 and DHA to support brain development of children.<br />
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12. Educational games part of children's education.<br />
Provide educational or educational game is already very well known media can be used to educate children.<br />
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13. Avoid snacks are not useful.<br />
Always be careful what consumed by children, good to avoid foods that are less useful.<br />
<br />
14. Answer questions from children.<br />
Each discover new things, children tend to ask " what's that ? " or " what is this ? ", help the child understand all the new things with a good explanation even if the child does not ask, it is very effective to increase knowledge of children.<br />
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15. Environmental factors determine the intelligence of children.<br />
According to a Japanese study, children who grow up in noisy environments have lower levels of memory than children who grow up in a quiet neighborhood.<br />
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16. Adequate rest.<br />
Children with a break or hours of good sleep tend to have high levels of concentration and better intelligence.<br />
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17. Traveled, fun and educational.<br />
Children who frequently traveled to the natural attractions tend to have high levels of quietness and better intelligence, a time when you least once a month to encourage children traveled nature.<br />
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18. Avoid stress in children.<br />
Just like adults, children also sometimes have problems, it is the importance of communication and openness to the children, accompanied by the child when he looks different than usual, and help your child through the problems he faced, usually in school or play environment.<br />
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19. Prayer and effort is a combination of a child's education method.<br />
You certainly never tired of providing education for children, accompanied also your day to pray to God because He is the one who gives the intelligence, and the success of your efforts.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-54452457205650123432014-11-24T02:09:00.002+07:002014-11-24T02:09:27.118+07:00ALCAPA - Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery<br />
<b>Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)</b>, also known as <b>Bland-White-Garland syndrome (BWG)</b> is a heart defect. The left coronary artery, which carries blood to the heart muscle, is connected to the pulmonary artery instead of to the aorta.<br />
<br />
A congenital coronary artery anomaly in which the left coronary artery arises from the pulmonary artery rather than its usual origin from the aorta. This condition is one cause of poor cardiac function in infancy.<br />
<br />
In children with ALCAPA, the left coronary artery starts at the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery is the major blood vessel that takes oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs.<br />
<br />
An anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is a problem that occurs when the baby's heart is developing early in the pregnancy. The developing blood vessels in the heart do not connect correctly.<br />
<br />
It is often an isolated anomaly but can be associated with other cardiac anomalies in approximately 5% of cases, including :<br />
<ul>
<li>Atrial septal defect (ASD)</li>
<li>Ventricular septal defect (VSD)</li>
<li>Coarctation of the aorta</li>
</ul>
<br />
Symptoms of ALCAPA in an infant include:<br />
<ul>
<li>crying or sweating during feeding</li>
<li>pale skin</li>
<li>poor feeding</li>
<li>rapid breathing</li>
</ul>
Tests for anomalous left coronary artery include:<br />
<ul>
<li>A test of the electrical activity in the heart (electrocardiogram)</li>
<li>A special dye injected into the blood vessels of the heart to see their structure and position (arteriography)</li>
<li>A thin tube (catheter) inserted in a blood vessel of the heart to measure blood pressure and oxygen levels (cardiac catheterization)</li>
<li>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)</li>
<li>Chest x-rays</li>
<li>Ultrasound of the heart (echocardiogram)</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
Source :<br />
<i>www.nlm.nih.go</i><br />
<i>http://radiopaedia.org</i><br />
<i>http://www.childrenshospital.org</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-5326319804745092992014-11-23T09:50:00.000+07:002014-11-23T09:50:02.597+07:00Symptoms and Treatment Small / Large Tumours of Retinoblastoma<br />
Retinoblastoma is a rapidly developing cancer that develops from the immature cells of a retina, the light-detecting tissue of the eye and is the most common malignant tumor of the eye in children.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://pediatricnurses.blogspot.com/2014/11/nursing-care-plan-for-child-with.html">Retinoblastoma</a> is a rare type of eye cancer that usually develops in early childhood, typically before the age of 5. This form of cancer develops in the retina, which is the specialized light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye that detects light and color.<br />
<br />
Retinoblastoma presents with cumulative lifetime incidence rate of 18000 to 30000 live births worldwide. A higher incidence is noted in developing countries, this has been implicated to lower socioeconomic status and the presence of human papilloma virus sequences in the retinoblastoma tissue.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://pediatricnurses.blogspot.com/2014/11/nursing-interventions-for.html">Retinoblastoma</a> is often curable when it is diagnosed early. However, if it is not treated promptly, this cancer can spread beyond the eye to other parts of the body. This advanced form of retinoblastoma can be life-threatening.<br />
<br />
Symptoms of retinoblastoma include:<br />
<ul>
<li>A pupil that appears white when light is shone into it. This may mean that a retinal tumor is present. Blood vessels in the back of the eye will normally reflect red.</li>
<li>The child's pupil does not have the normal red appearance that a flash photo creates. Instead, the pupil is white.</li>
<li>Eyes that may not move or focus in the same direction.</li>
<li>Eye pain.</li>
<li>A pupil that is constantly dilated.</li>
<li>Red eye or eyes.</li>
</ul>
<br />
Treating a small tumour that is completely inside the eye usually involves one of the following treatments:<br />
<ul>
<li>Laser treatment to the eye (photocoagulation)</li>
<li>Freezing the tumour (cryotherapy)</li>
<li>Applying heat to the tumour (thermotherapy)</li>
</ul>
Larger tumours will be treated with one or a combination of the following treatments:<br />
<ul>
<li>Radioactive plaque – if the tumour is not too large, a small radioactive disc is stitched over the cancerous cells and left in place for a few days to destroy the tumour, before the disc is removed.</li>
<li>Chemotherapy – usually six cycles of anti-cancer drugs are given to kill the cancer cells. Sometimes, these anti-cancer drugs are injected directly into the blood vessel supplying the eye.</li>
<li>Surgery to remove the eye – this is necessary if the tumour is large and the eye can no longer see. An artificial eye will be fitted. You can find out more information about having an artificial eye fitted on the National Artificial Eye Service website.</li>
</ul>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-66273102320528107152014-11-23T09:36:00.000+07:002014-11-23T09:40:11.309+07:00Nursing Interventions for Retinoblastoma : Acute Pain and Anxiety<a href="http://pediatricnurses.blogspot.com/2014/11/nursing-care-plan-for-child-with.html"><b>Nursing Care Plan for Retinoblastoma</b></a><br />
<br />
<b>Nursing Diagnosis : <a href="http://pediatricnurses.blogspot.com/2014/02/acute-pain-and-risk-of-infection-ncp.html">Acute Pain</a></b> related to metastases to the brain, brain tumor suppression direction.<br />
<br />
<b>Goal Statement (NOC)</b><br />
<ul>
<li>The pain felt by the patient is reduced / lost. (Define history of pain, such as the location of pain, frequency, duration, and intensity (scale 0-10) and removal actions are used).</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>Intervention (NIC)</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Provide basic comfort measures (eg: repositioning) and leisure activities (eg: homecoming, television).</li>
<li>Talk to individuals and families use distraction therapy, as well as other methods of pain relief.</li>
<li>Teach pain relief action.</li>
<li>Give individual optimal pain relief with analgesics.</li>
<li>By knowing the scale of pain sufferers it can be determined that the appropriate action to relieve the pain.</li>
<li>Basic comfort measures can reduce pain.</li>
</ul>
Rationale :<br />
<ul>
<li>Approval of the client and the family will facilitate the implementation of the therapy.</li>
<li>Henceforth, the client can take action on their own pain relief.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<b>Nursing Diagnosis : <a href="http://pediatricnurses.blogspot.com/2014/03/how-to-overcome-feelings-of-anxiety-in.html">Anxiety</a> </b>related to the disease suffered by the client.<br />
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<b>Goal Statement (NOC)</b><br />
<ul>
<li>Anxiety can be resolved soon.</li>
<li>Assess the level of anxiety, the degree of experience of pain / symptoms develop suddenly and the current state of knowledge.</li>
<li>Provide information that is accurate and truthful. Discuss with the family that the supervision and treatment can prevent vision loss enhancement.</li>
<li>Encourage the patient to acknowledge the problem and express feelings.</li>
<li>Identification of sources / people who helped.</li>
<li>To facilitate nursing action plan which will be given later.</li>
<li>Collaboration with the patient's family will accelerate the healing process.</li>
</ul>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-14183204328442399432014-11-23T09:24:00.002+07:002014-11-23T09:24:24.354+07:00Nursing Care Plan for Child with Disturbed Sensory Perception (visual) related to Retinoblastoma<br />
Retinoblastoma is a tumor of the retina that is composed of undifferentiated neuroblastic cells and is a malignant tumor of the retina in children. 40% of patients with retinoblastoma is herediten disease. Retinoblastoma is a tumor that is autosomal dominant and an embryonal tumor. Most patients with active retinoblastoma discovered at the age of 3 years, while if there is a binocular is usually found at a younger age or 10 months. Retinoblastoma can be found in the form of regression, especially in children.<br />
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<br />
<b>Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions</b><br />
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<b>Nursing Diagnosis : Disturbed Sensory Perception (visual)</b> related to sensory acceptance of eye disorders.<br />
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<b>Nursing Interventions : </b><br />
<br />
Goal Statement (NOC)<br />
<ul>
<li>Maintain visual acuity, without further loss.</li>
<li>Define visual acuity, note whether one or both eyes are involved.</li>
</ul>
Intervention (NIC)<br />
<ul>
<li>Orient the patient to the environment, staff, everyone else in the area.</li>
<li>Put the items needed / position call bell within reach.</li>
<li>Encourage the client to express feelings of loss / possible loss of vision.</li>
<li>Take action to help the patient to deal with limited vision, for example, set furniture / toys, fix gloomy light and night vision problems.</li>
<li>Visual acuity can be used to determine visual impairment occurs.</li>
<li>Orientation will accelerate the adjustment of patients in the new environment.</li>
<li>Facilitate decision-goods if needed.</li>
</ul>
<br />
Rationale :<br />
<ul>
<li>By knowing the patient's expression of feelings can facilitate subsequent nursing actions.</li>
</ul>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-88036915348311150262014-11-22T09:01:00.002+07:002014-11-22T09:01:56.441+07:00Important Questions and Answers About Diarrhea<b>Diarrhea</b><br />
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As a man would not want to if he was sick. Moreover diarrheal disease. Of course, all parents do not want their children to diarrhea. However, children who never diarrhea ? Each of the children had diarrhea, diarrhea that both light and heavy. How children can get away from the disease, whereas diarrhea causes dehydration which causes exhaustion of body fluids.<br />
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Of course, knowledge about diarrhea and how to overcome already known by the mother whose son survived the attack of diarrhea.<br />
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In general, people associate diarrhea with bacterial contamination memorable slob. Though the causes of diarrheal disease are manifold such as bacterial or viral infections, eat incompatibility, bacterial contamination, spoiled food, food contamination by hazardous substances, to sensitivity to carbohydrates or fats or proteins.<br />
<br />
Question ?<br />
<ol>
<li>What is diarrhea ?</li>
<li>What are the causes of diarrhea ?</li>
<li>What are the types of diarrhea ?</li>
<li>What is acute diarrhea ?</li>
<li>What are the causes of acute diarrhea ?</li>
<li>How characteristics ( signs ) when a person develops diarrhea ?</li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
Answer ?<br />
<br />
1. <a href="http://pediatricnurses.blogspot.com/2013/04/nursing-diagnosis-and-nursing.html">Diarrhea</a> is common in children, especially those aged between six months and two years. Also common in infants younger than six months who drink cow's milk / baby food formulas. Infants who consumed only breast milk generally has a stool softener, it is not diarrhea.<br />
<br />
<b>2. Causes of Diarrhea</b><br />
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<a href="http://pediatricnurses.blogspot.com/2014/11/causes-of-nutritional-decline-during.html">Diarrhea</a> caused by infection factor, malabsorption (impaired absorption of nutrients), food, and psychological factors.<br />
<br />
Infection<br />
<ul>
<li>Infections of the gastrointestinal tract is a major cause of diarrhea in children. The types of infections is generally attacks, such as bacterial infection bacteria (<i>E. coli, Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae</i>), bacilli infections (dysentery), enterovirus and adenovirus infection, infection by parasitic worms (ascaris), fungal infection (candidiasis), due to infection of other organs (such as inflammation of the tonsils, bronchitis, and sore throat), food poisoning.</li>
</ul>
<br />
Malabsorption<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>Malabsorption is divided into two types, namely ; carbohydrate malabsorption factors and fat malabsorption factor. Malabsorption factors in infants are sensitive to lactoglobulis in formula cause diarrhea. Symptoms include severe diarrhea, very sour smelling stools, stomach area pain. If frequent diarrhea, the baby's growth will be disrupted. </li>
</ul>
<br />
Food<br />
<ul>
<li>Foods that cause diarrhea are contaminated food, stale, toxic, too much fat, raw (vegetables), and less mature.</li>
</ul>
<br />
Psychological<br />
<ul>
<li>Fear, anxiety, and tension, if it occurs in children can lead to chronic diarrhea.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b>3. Types of Diarrhea</b><br />
<br />
The types of <a href="http://pediatricnurses.blogspot.com/2013/04/nanda-diarrhea-nursing-diagnosis.html">diarrhea</a> can be divided into two: acute diarrhea and chronic diarrhea.<br />
<br />
<b>Acute diarrhea.</b> Acute diarrhea is diarrhea that occur suddenly and lasts a short in a couple of hours until 7/14 days. The cause is disruption of microorganisms or bacteria that enter the small intestine after passing through various hurdles stomach acid, microorganisms are growing rapidly in the small intestine, toxins released by bacteria, intestinal fluid overload due to poison.<br />
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<b>Chronic diarrhea.</b> Chronic diarrhea is diarrhea that lasts more than 3 weeks (for adults, infants and children deadline 2 weeks). Factors that cause chronic diarrhea is the disorder are as follows bacteria / fungi / parasites, malabsorption of calories, fat malabsorption.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Diarrhea Symptoms</b><br />
<br />
The symptoms that appear when exposed to diarrheal diseases such as infants or children become whiny and agitated because of high body temperature, watery stool in infants, slimy or bloody, greenish stool color mixes with bile, anal abrasions, malnutrition because food intake is less, before or after vomiting diarrhea, drop in blood sugar levels, dehydration (lack of fluids).Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-61653524819944160192014-11-22T08:13:00.000+07:002014-11-22T08:13:05.385+07:00Causes of Nutritional Decline During Diarrhea<br />
According to WHO (1980), diarrhea is loose, watery stools more than 3 times daily. Diarrhea is divided into two based on the origin and duration, ie acute and chronic diarrhea (Mansjoer, A.1999,501).<br />
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<a href="http://pediatricnurses.blogspot.com/2013/04/nanda-diarrhea-nursing-diagnosis.html">Diarrhea</a> is a disease syndrome that is characterized by changes in the shape and consistency of stool slow to melt and increased frequency of bowel movements is usually 3 times or more a day. Diarrheal disease is the No. 2 cause of morbidity and mortality in children, especially among children under 5 years of age.<br />
Various factors affect the incidence of diarrhea , such as environmental factors, nutrition, population, education, socio-economic circumstances and behavior.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Causes of Nutritional Decline During <a href="http://pediatricnurses.blogspot.com/2013/04/nursing-diagnosis-and-nursing.html">Diarrhea</a></b><br />
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1. Reduced food intake, is a result of:<br />
<ul>
<li>Anorexia is primarily seen in children with dysentery.</li>
<li>Vomiting.</li>
<li>Stopping food because of traditional beliefs to rest the bowel.</li>
<li>Providing food with less nutritional value, such as soup diluted.</li>
</ul>
2. Decreased absorption of nutrients, Caused by :<br />
<ul>
<li>Epithelial damage absorption which reduces the surface area of the intestine.</li>
<li>Disaccharide deficiency because of the failure of enzyme production by the damaged microvilli.</li>
<li>Reduced concentration of bile acids necessary for the absorption of fat.</li>
<li>Transit of food through the gut very quickly lead to not enough time for digestion and absorption.</li>
</ul>
3. Increased need for nutrients, nutrient requirement increases due to :<br />
<ul>
<li>Metabolic demand due to heat.</li>
<li>The need to improve the intestinal epithelium.</li>
<li>The need to replace the loss of serum proteins through the damaged intestinal mucosa as in dysentery.</li>
</ul>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-36798026259975674872014-11-21T11:14:00.000+07:002014-11-21T11:14:06.240+07:00Assessment, Nursing Diagnosis and Interventions for ADHD<b>Nursing Care Plan for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder </b><br />
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<b>Nursing Assessment </b><br />
<br />
1. Assess family history through interviews or genogram.<br />
<ul>
<li>Data were obtained whether the child was born prematurely, lower weight, anoxia, other pregnancy complications or genetic factors are suspected as the cause of hyperactivity disorder in children.</li>
</ul>
<br />
2. Assess the child's behavior history<br />
<ul>
<li>Assess the developmental history of the child, where the baby had a nimble, active and demanding responses that have deep and strong, accompanied by difficulties eating and sleeping, often in the first months of life is hard to be calm at the time of going to sleep and slow to form a diurnal rhythm. Colic reported somewhat common in them.</li>
<li>Reports from teachers about issues of academic and behavior in the classroom.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<b>Nursing Diagnosis for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder</b><br />
<ol>
<li>Impaired Social Interaction related to developmental disabilities (hyperactivity).</li>
<li>Altered thought processes related to personality disorders.</li>
<li>Risks for Parental Role Conflict related to children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.</li>
<li>Risk for injury related to psychological (orientation ineffective).</li>
<li>Risk for growth and development related to mental illness (hyperactivity), lack of concentration.</li>
</ol>
<br />
<br />
<b>Nursing Interventions for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder</b><br />
<br />
1. Assist parents in implementing the program of positive reinforcement behavior.<br />
<br />
a). Train to focus the child.<br />
Do not hit the child, accept the situation. Treat children with warm and patient, but consistent and firm in applying norms and duties. If children can not stay in one place, try to hold her hands gently, then invited to sit down and be quiet. Ask the child's eyes when talking or talk. Give landing with a soft tone.<br />
<br />
b). Painstaking<br />
If a child has been sitting at home for longer, guide children to practice hand-eye coordination by connecting the dots that make up the numbers or letters. Furthermore, children are given practice drawing simple shapes and coloring. Can also be started counting exercise with a variety of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Start by addition or subtraction with numbers under 10. After that the newly introduced concept of numbers from 0 to true.<br />
<br />
c). Generate confidence in children.<br />
Use behavior management techniques, such as using positive reinforcement. For example, give praise when the child eat with orderly. The goal is to increase the child's confidence.<br />
<br />
d). Identify the direction of interest.<br />
If the child moves on do not panic, Include only and note well, where exactly is the purpose of activity of the child. The most important thing is to recognize talent early child.<br />
<br />
e). Ask the children to talk.<br />
Hyperactive children tend to be difficult to communicate and socialize. Therefore help children to socialize him to learn the values of what is acceptable in the group.<br />
<br />
<br />
2. Provide Daily Activity Structure.<br />
<ul>
<li>Children should have a list of daily activities that run regularly according to a set schedule and should soon follow and carry out the routine activities for the children rewarded with words of praise.</li>
</ul>
<br />
3. Repatriation Planning ( Discharge Planning) and Home Care.<br />
<ul>
<li>Educate and help parents and family members.</li>
<li>Collaborate with teachers and involve parents. Encourage parents to ensure that teachers and school nurses know about the name, dosage and time of taking the medication.</li>
<li>Make sure that children get the evaluation and academic guidance is needed. Incorporating children in special education classes are often required.</li>
<li>Monitor progress and the child's response to treatment.</li>
<li>Refer to behavioral specialists and parents to develop and implement a behavior plan.</li>
</ul>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-30127203558288471662014-11-21T10:31:00.002+07:002014-11-21T10:31:18.558+07:00Clinical Manifestations of Children with Hyperactivity DisorderObjective measures did not show that children are exposed to these disorders show more physical activity, when compared with children of normal controls, but the movements they do appear to be less purposeful and they are always uneasy and restless. They have a short attention span, easily distracted and impulsive and they tend to act without considering or contemplating a result of such action.<br />
<br />
They have a low tolerance for frustration and emotionally they are people who are unstable and easily aroused. Atmosphere and the feeling of their hearts tend to be neutral or restlessness, they are often in groups, but socially they be rigid. Some of them hostile and negative, but these traits are often secondary to psychosocial problems they experienced. Some other people rely heavily exaggerated, but another to be so free and independent, so it looks reckless.<br />
<br />
Emotional difficulties and behaviors are prevalent and usually secondary to negative social influences on their behavior. These children will receive censure and punishment from parents and teachers and social ostracism by people their age. Chronic they fail in their academic tasks, and many of them are not sufficiently coordinated, and quite capable of controlling themselves to be successful in the field of sports. They have an idea of the poor themselves and have a sense of low self-esteem and often depressed. There is a high incidence of learning disabilities to read mathematics, spelling and handwriting. Academic achievement they can fall behind 1-2 years and the truth is less than expected from their intelligence measured.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-62176092111823284362014-09-24T23:52:00.002+07:002014-09-24T23:52:19.040+07:00Smart Tips for a Healthy DietSmart Tips for a Healthy Diet. Many people who do not know a good diet for health. Healthy eating should be noted that in the consumption of food is really a food for a healthy life.<br />
<br />
Healthy eating will increase life expectancy and quality of life for people who are able to develop good habits and focus on healthy living. Here are some simple tips on healthy eating and easy to do.<br />
<br />
Slowing How to Eat<br />
Slowing mouthful of food can dramatically reduce the amount of food consumed. When the food was mouth to chew between 20 and 25 times before swallowing. Eating too fast and in a hurry, in addition to less polite when eating together, encouraged to eat a lot and make more work for the digestive organs to process food that is not properly chewed.<br />
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Eating several times with a Small Portion<br />
A simple way to help increase metabolism and regulate blood sugar are used to eating several small meals or eating frequent small meals. Eating more often means that the digestive system will always work to process food that has the effect of increasing metabolism and eventually burn more calories.<br />
In this sense, it is better to eat little but often rather than eating a lot but for a longer period. Small portions tend not to make us stuffed or widen the stomach so that the stomach were really going to shrink and make it looks better (slimmer). Start the morning with a healthy breakfast like oatmeal to get the digestive system to burn calories.<br />
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Get Many Colors in Your Food<br />
Strive to add more color in daily meals with fruits and vegetables. Colored fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins and nutrients that will help the rich more healthy life and quality.<br />
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Avoid Processed Foods in Cans and Ready to Eat<br />
Cooking food in lieu of fresh ingredients, highly recommended and very good for our health. The content of vitamins, proteins and others. In the fresh raw material can be met. In contrast to the heated food or canned food ready to eat. Avoid processed foods in cans or other wrappers that are common to many preservatives. When shopping try to buy fresh vegetables and meat, bread healthy for your body.<br />
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Avoid Excessive Drinking While Eating<br />
Drink one glass or more when you're eating will complicate digestion performance. Research shows that drinking water while eating can dilute the concentration of stomach acid (HCl) which is needed to digest food. As a result only a few foods that can be digested by the body. This, if allowed to continue can cause various diseases. The best thing is to drink water before meals and two hours afterwards. This can help in the absorption of nutrients.<br />
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Eat Diet Program<br />
Talk to your doctor or nutritionist about any vitamins or nutrients when you implement the diet. Perhaps could supplement your diet plan with natural foods to help ward off disease and to optimize your health.<br />
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Healthy diet above has been applied in many developed countries that prefer the nutritional and healthy foods rather than just filling the stomach. Sometimes we found the food tasty but not necessarily healthy or otherwise. Healthy food with healthy eating will certainly get the most in life, ranging intellect, mind, endurance, spirit and so on.<br />
<i>(Compiled from Various Sources) .</i>Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-26577490643629000552014-09-24T23:35:00.003+07:002014-09-24T23:35:55.118+07:00Lowering Fever in Infants and Toddlers<b>Lowering Fever in Infants and Toddlers.</b> Fever is not a disease, but show symptoms of a disease. For example, because of cough, runny nose, sore throat, diarrhea, other infections of the gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract infections. Most parents panic if their fast (especially toddlers) have a fever.<br />
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You have to remember that a fever is the body's mechanism against a disease or infection that is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, and so on. Fever when the child is said to body temperature above the normal threshold (greater than 37.2 degrees Celsius). This fever seems that the body temperature slightly hotter than usual and sometimes accompanied by chills. <br />
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Infection in children is usually caused by viruses or bacteria. Examples of fever when the child is suffering from influenza or a cold. The presence of this virus, the child's body naturally fight back. Antibiotics can not kill viruses, so antibiotics are not a cure influenza. You do not need to give antibiotics in children with fever caused by a virus or due to influenza illness. In general cases, the temperature of the hot body will help prevent the spread of the virus.<br />
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If your child's body temperature is below 39 degrees Celsius, no seizure, the child is not too fussy, and no vomiting.<br />
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<b>Lowering Fever in Infants and Toddlers</b><br />
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Some efforts can be made to lower the fever children as follows :<br />
<ul>
<li>Periodically monitor the body temperature using a thermometer specifically for children.</li>
<li>Giving fluids in sufficient quantities to children to avoid dehydration.</li>
<li>Consuming a balanced nutrition to strengthen the immune system of children.</li>
<li>Noting circulation room, so as not stuffy.</li>
<li>Giving fever-lowering drugs, when the child's temperature exceeds 38 degrees Celsius. If the body temperature is normal, drug administration was stopped.</li>
<li>Compress the child with warm water, especially when the child's body temperature reached 39 degrees Celsius. Compress can be placed on the forehead, abdomen, or thigh folds and armpits. Warm water makes the peripheral blood vessels in the skin dilate and open the pores of the body . Resulting in faster evaporation.</li>
<li>Wearing the clothes that absorb sweat child. If the child was shivering, covered children , but soon released again when the chills disappear.</li>
<li>Immediately bring the child to the doctor, if the fever does not go down soon.</li>
</ul>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-2764004662653865292014-09-24T23:21:00.003+07:002014-09-24T23:21:55.047+07:00Home Care : How to Care for a Child with Measles<b>How to Care for a Child with Measles.</b> Measles is caused by a virus that is easily transmitted. However, measles is not a serious and dangerous disease. We can take care of their own children with measles at home. It is important, always be alert and take precautions against the danger of complications, due to decreased endurance due to the disease.<br />
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<b>Knowing the symptoms</b><br />
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Symptoms in the first level are similar to the symptoms of influenza or other diseases caused by viruses. At first it appears the typical signs, namely the emergence of grayish- white spot at the tip of the needle circled reddish color that appears on the mucous membranes of the cheek, near the molars.<br />
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After 4-5 days, the rash occur in several parts of the body, such as the face, nape of the neck, upper arms and legs. The symptoms are similar to influenza, cough and cold which is getting worse. In addition, the mucous membranes in the oral cavity becomes reddish, so that the mouth and lips were red. Patients also feel itching all over the body.<br />
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After that is completed, the original body temperature up and down is not necessarily the body heat can rise to 40 degrees Celsius, will gradually return to normal. Similarly, the rash will disappear and leave dark scars.<br />
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<b>Home Care</b><br />
<ul>
<li>In the first stage, the child feels the glare when seeing bright light. Therefore extinguish or reduce the bedroom lights.</li>
<li>If the child's body temperature rises to 40 degrees Celsius for more than half an hour, try to compress with warm water. If the eyes feel hot, compressed with cold water. We recommend that you do not wrap the child's body with a thick blanket.</li>
<li>If the third phase (phase of healing) the child's body temperature does not decrease, it is necessary to be aware of the presence of complications, due to a decrease in immune system of children. Complications arise easily in children who from the beginning had a low immune system. For example, children with malnutrition . Circumstances worsened if the child is suffering from complications. Complications arising usually in the form of pneumonia and encephalitis. If such circumstances, should seek help from a doctor.</li>
<li>When the situation improved, and recovered appetite, try to provide nutritious foods. There is a possibility of malnourished children after measles disease and loss of appetite.</li>
<li>Measles sick child will lose appetite and drinking. Seek the child to drink fluids as often as possible.</li>
<li>Clean the body with warm water. Children with high body temperature, should not be bathed first, simply cleaned with cloth and warm water.</li>
<li>Can be supplied powder on the child's body, to relieve itching.</li>
<li>Seek for children to stay at home and do not play around with his friends, considering the disease is easily transmitted.</li>
</ul>
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<b>Prevention</b><br />
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To prevent children from measles epidemic when it occurs, can ask the doctor to give immunizations. Preventive injections are usually given to children aged nine months. If still exposed to measles, it will cause milder symptoms than children who are not immunized.<br />
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The provision of good nutrition and appropriate for children need to be considered. Good endurance allows children avoid complications from measles.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5738936208986746949.post-7052461125264212972014-09-24T23:01:00.002+07:002014-09-24T23:01:43.923+07:00Caring for Children with Typhoid at Home<b>Caring for Children with Typhoid at Home. </b>Body temperature that would not go down despite being given febrifuge should quickly look for the cause. If typhoid symptoms accompanying this complaint, immediately visited the doctor. To ensure typhoid, a doctor may perform blood tests in laboratory. Tests carried out so-called widal test, which is a typical blood test to diagnose typhoid.<br />
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Immediately after blood tests detected the presence of typhus, the doctor will give you specific medicines. If necessary, patients are also treated at the hospital. If for some consideration, the child had to be treated at home, the following tips and how to care home :<br />
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Patients must complete bed rest with a separate bedroom from the other family members. Likewise, the equipment must use a special meal just for patients. Those who serve the patient should immediately wash their hands either before or after the patient encounter. Because typhoid patients more lying, Position must be frequently changed to avoid blisters and sores on the skin. Besides the general cleanliness must be maintained, oral hygiene also should not go unnoticed. Try to keep the mouth clean and moist always.<br />
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Food : Basically all types of food that the patient may be given, the origin of the soft shape. Difficult to digest foods such as fruits, vegetables, meat or fatty clay, should be avoided. Patients should be frequently given fluids, at least two liters a day. In the early phase of symptoms, which can be given basic food can be porridge strain, milk porridge, milk and eggs. As for water, juice, and tea, can help meet the needs of fluid intake. If the patient improves, feeding can be increased by adding a side dish of fish, chicken and meat. Pudding, bread and butter can also be given, the origin still choose foods that are easily digested and soft shape. Food like a normal person should be given a new doctor if the person has been declared cured of typhoid.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com